DC Electro Thermal Soil Remediation - the integration of DC electrical resistive heating, electroosmosis and in-situ zero-valent iron reductive technologies for the remediation of clays and glacial tills contaminated with chlorinated solvents.
DC Electro-thermal Remediation is the integration of direct current (DC)electrical heating and in-situ treatment developed specifically designed to treat chlorinated solvent contamination in low permeability soils totally below grade. Terran Corporation is the leader in large scale electrokinetic process installations.
The DC electricity provides two primary functions. The first is heating the soil to about 90°C helping to disperse residual dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) pools or ganglia and creating vapor phase transport. Maintaining a lower temperature can assist in biodegradation, if desired. The second function is to induce electroosmotic flow. Electroosmosis is the directional movement of pore water in soil, from anode to cathode, providing a flushing action even, in the tightest clays. This electroosmotic flow is the proven advantage of using DC electricity over AC (including 6-phase resistive heating) or steam and allows the addition of in-situ reactive treatment zones (or curtains). These zones are emplaced perpendicular to the electroosmotic flow to intercept and degrade contaminants. In-situ destruction means no extraction or above ground treatment is necessary, which keeps operations and maintanence to a minimum. The treatment zones for chlorinated solvents typically are spaced 5 feet apart and consist of zero-valent iron suspended in kaolin clay. The treatment zones for biodegradation based systems can be a source of electron donors or acceptors such as organic carbon, sulfate, ferrous or lactate.
Electro-thermal remediation has been used to treat clays and glacial tills contaminated with solvent such as trichloroethylene (TCE) perchloroethylene (PCE), vinyl chloride, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) and others. When applied to the source zones, 99% or more removals can be achieved. Even DNAPL areas can be treated to levels well below 1 mg/kg for about one third, or less, the cost of excavation and disposal. This technology can be applied above (vadose zone) or below the water table (saturated zone).
Terran has developed and refined the process of in-situ treatment materials emplacement, driving down installation costs. Using modified sheet-pile driving equipment and common mixing and pumping equipment, a large amount of materials can be emplaced in a short period of time in a very cost-effective manner. The sheet-pile driving equipment has been modified to direct push a large hollow mandrel up to 50 feet into the ground. A disposable shoe is placed on the leading edge to open the hole and keep materials from filling the mandrel on the down-stroke. Materials can be pumped into the mandrel on the down-stroke or added to the mandrel once it is driven to depth. For example, a 20 inch by 2 inch opening mandrel can be driven 25 feet, filled with a zero-valent iron (ZVI) slurry on the down-stroke, and removed in about a 2 minute cycle time. Up to 500 feet per day of 2-inch thick wall can be emplaced per day (see the installation videos below).
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| LasagnaTM is a registered trademark of Pfizer (from Monsanto, though acquisition of Pharmacia) and Patented. |
LasagnaTM is the patented and trademarked name for this integration of DC electricity and in-situ treatment and was developed by a consortium of scientists from DuPont, General Electric and Monsanto along with the USEPA and US DOE.
Typically, a series of planar electrodes are emplaced at the outer edge of a source zone with a spread of between 20 and 100 ft apart. Treatment zones consisting of iron filings suspended in clay slurry, or some other desired treatment material, are emplaced between and parallel to the electrode zones. When the power is on, the whole soil mass is heated and pore water travels from the anode to the cathode uniformly and predictably. The pore water that collects at the cathode is recycled to the anode by gravity. Ionic compounds move via the electric field to the oppositely charged electrode while non-polar compounds move with the pore water toward the cathode. Cations, such as cadmium and other metals will migrate toward the cathode. Anionic species, such as arsenate, sulfate, and nitrate migrate toward the anodes.
Lasagna Conceptual Drawing
Although there are many possible configurations and electrode arrangements, a two segment approach is typically taken. The two segments approach consists of two outer anodes and one central common cathode and results in minimal stray voltage and current. In urban settings, it is important to minimize or eliminate corrosion impacts on local utilities by stray current. Stray voltage and current testing at the latest urban sites indicates Lasagna can be operated without negative impacts to buried gas and water lines nearby.
How Does It Work?
Electroosmosis has been known since the 1930s as an efficient means of dewatering clays and silts for soil stability. It can also be used to move pore water and contaminants through all types of soils. This attribute, plus the resistive soil heating that occurs makes it a useful tool for reclaiming solvent contaminated soils.
When a DC electric field is applied to soil, cations begin to move toward the cathode and anions move toward the anode. Since soil typically has a negative surface charge there are more cations than anions in the pore water (conservation of charge). These extra cations, lined up along the pore walls and moving toward the cathode, drag the pore water along causing a net pore water flow to the cathode that is uniform and predictable. In low permeable soils (clays and silts), this process is much more efficient and thorough than conventional hydraulic based processes. The directional movement through the soil allows for the effective use of in-situ capture and/or reduction zones. The application of DC energy also results in the heating of the soil, which is a bonus when dealing with VOC contamination. The soil heating can be harnessed to assist in the efficient mobilization of DNAPL pools and residuals much like a thermal technology. The combination of heat and pore water movement (flushing) gives electrokinetics (EK) a powerful one-two punch dealing with VOC contamination in low permeable soils.
Completed Projects
PGDP - Paducah
The first large scale Lasagna™ system installation was extremely successful in reducing TCE contamination at a DOE facility in Paducah, KY from DNAPL levels to well below the Record of Decision (ROD) mandated level with no increase in cis-DCE or vinyl chloride. Pictures of the Paducah installation are below.
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| Installing electrodes at Paducah |
Installing electrodes at Paducah |
Completed Lasagna site at Paducah |
The Paducah site was contaminated with TCE to a depth of 40 feet with a zone of higher permeability at about 20 feet. The higher permeability zone consisted of saturated fine sand, gravel and some silt and contained the highest levels of TCE (1500 mg/kg). The lower unit was sandy clay that was not saturated and dense in places. The near surface was a glacial till with a heavily compacted gravel road-bed. The Lasagna™ system was installed over a period of 6 months and operated for 2 years. At Paducah, the process reduced the soil concentrations from an average of 84 mg/kg (with a high of 1,500) to an average of 0.38 mg/kg (with a high of 4.5). The project was highlighted in a "Technology News and Trends" newsletter (EPA, TIO). The Final RA Report for Paducah (DOE, 2002) shows the details of the installation and verification soil sampling.
| Results Summary for Lasagna Application at Paducah | ||
| Pre-Lasagna | Post-Lasagna | |
| Average TCE Concentration (mg/kg) | 84 | 0.38 |
| Highest TCE Concentration (mg/kg) | 1500 | 4.5 |
| ROD Target = 5.6 mg/kg Average | ||
Quicfrez - Wisconsin
Lasagna was also used at the abandoned Quicfrez industrial site in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin to remove high levels of TCE from the site and under a near-by river (pictures below). The soil at the site consisted of saturated clay and silt with very high levels of TCE (much of the site contained DNAPL levels of TCE). The site was expanded into the Fond du Lac River to allow treatment under half of the river. During the pre-Lasagna soil sampling event, substantially more DNAPL was found than first observed during the design phase and posed a greater challenge for Lasagna. There were areas with TCE concentrations above 1000 mg/kg. Two anodes (north, south) were used with a single center cathode. Installation of the electrodes and treatment zones lasted only 3 weeks with the electrical and recycle plumbing taking another 2 weeks to complete. Little or no stray current was found at nearby utility lines. The system was fed by 208 volt, 3-phase line power rated for 600 amps. The initial DC output measuring 190 volts and 500 amps. Once the system reached operating temperature (70-80°C), the power was reduced to about 110 volts and 450 amps. Operational costs were minimized using remote monitoring. Electricity is the primary operation cost.
The project lasted 2.5 years until economic conditions in 2008 resulted in the State of Wisconsin and the WDNR eliminating funding in 2009. Post-Lasagna sampling shows the DNAPL regions and concentrations were significantly reduced. Given more time, the area could have been treated to the clean up target. Although there were hopes of a better result, over 2/3 of the TCE mass was removed and the DNAPL zones significantly diminished. However, the iron filing filled treatment walls remain in place and will continue to contain and treat any TCE migrating due to convection or diffusion for many years.
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| Quicfrez site with river terrace | Installing electrodes at Quicfrez site | Installing treatment zones in front of rectifier building | Using cement truck and Nilex rig for treatment zone materials installation |
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| Quicfrez site finish grade and rectifier shed | Quicfrez power pole (208 3-phase) | Quicfrez site from across the river | Completed Quicfrez site and river terrace |
Cambridge - Ohio
The latest installations were installed in October 2008 at an active facility in Cambridge, Ohio that manufactures window seal materials. Two separate installations were operated to treat TCE contamination in saturated clay soil at two distinct source areas at the site. The Lasagna systems were installed under parking lots and in front of loading docks without interfering with the facility’s production or distribution.
Area-1 measured 160 feet by 70 feet with a depth of 20 feet. It was located under abandoned buildings that became a parking lot and excess equipment storage. During concrete surface and footer removal, there were remnants of an old ceramics facility including slaker pits and materials storage bunkers that required removal for Lasagna to operate correctly. Area-2 measured 50 feet by 50 feet with a depth of 20 feet and was located adjacent to buildings used for production. Area-2 was also located under a parking lot area and a roll-off pad. The removed concrete materials did not leave the site but instead were crushed and reused as a rock working surface to minimize issues of working on wet clay (equipment stayed cleaner and less direct contact exposures).
The soils were primarily contaminated with TCE to near DNAPL levels and the breakdown products cis-DCE and vinyl chloride. Area-2 was a chemical drum storage pad and also contained some TCA, 1,1-DCE and methylene chloride along with non-chlorinated VOCs like acetone, methyl-ethyl ketone and xylenes. The soil was mostly saturated with the groundwater surface at 3-5 feet below grade. The Lasagna materials installation lasted less than 10 weeks and did not interrupt plant operations. Routes to the loading docks and roll-0ff pads were available at all times. Like the Quicfrez project, a full stray voltage and current survey was performed to assure no impact of the DC field on local utilities. The impacts to nearby buried utilities can be minimized by employing a properly designed system.
After 30 months of operation, both Lasagna systems met the risk-based cleanup targets. Verification soil samples were collected and compared to risk-based targets for direct contact and future indoor-air. The Ohio EPA has agreed to termination of the Lasagna systems. The above grade equipment has been removed and the lots will soon be resurfaced.
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| Removing old building floors turned parking lots, and footers and buried bunkers | Crushing removed concrete to use as working surface | Making Electrodes – Wickdrains fastened to steel plates | Using cement truck and Nilex rig for treatment zone materials installation |
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| Cathode buss wire connections | Area-1 finished grade | Area-2 finished grade | Rectifier in shed |
Lasagna Videos
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| Lasagna electrode installation movie (AVI, 82 MB) | Lasagna treatment zone installation movie (AVI, 40 MB) | Lasagna animation video (WMV, 0.5 MB) |
How Much Does It Cost?
A Lasagna system typically costs around $75 per ton of soil treated. Very deep sources (>40 ft) and very small sites (<0.1 acres) usually cost more whereas larger, shallower sites cost less. Call Chris Athmer at Terran (937-320-3601) for a cost estimate for your site.
DC Electro-Thermal Remediation (Lasagna) advantages:
- Most thorough in-situ remediation process (every soil pore and all pore water is affected),
- System is emplaced using sheet pile techniques resulting in NO WASTE to dispose,
- Completely installed and operated below ground,
- Not constrained by vapor or hydraulic permeabilities,
- No extraction equipment to operate,
- Reductive in nature - compatible with most naturally occurring reductive dechlorination processes (MNA),
- In-Situ Treatment materials are left in place and will continue to polish the site for years after the power is turned off,
- Low O&M requirements.
Other Electrokinetic Processes
Electrokinetic processes can also be used to desalinate salt contaminated soils, remove metals contamination or even dewater saturated soils.
Desalinization
Terran has published papers regarding the use of electromigration to remove sodium and chloride from low permeability soils using direct-push installed electrodes. Pilot tests show sodium and chloride can be extracted efficiently using DC fields. A model was developed to aid in design and cost estimations.
Metals removal
Metals in a mobile state readily move in a DC electric field. Cations, such as cadmium, chromium and lead will move toward the cathode while anions such as arsenate will move toward the anode by electric charge. The contaminants can be removed at the electrodes or captured in in-situ treatment zones.
Dewatering
One of the original applications for electroosmosis was to dewater saturated low permeable soils for geotechnical purposes. Strategically placed anodes and cathodes can be used to extract water far more efficiently than normal gravimetric means. Water moves by electroosmosis toward the cathode and is removed. Cost and effectiveness are directly related to the salinity of the soil. In brackish areas, the current demand might be too high at the voltage gradient required. Temperature limits also play a part in electrically conductive soils. Terran is investigating the use of electrokinetic enhanced dewatering wells to depress the water table in moisture sensitive areas.
Contact
Chris Athmer by phone at 937-320-3601 or email at cjathmer@terrancorp.com
News links
Technology News and Trends
Cooking Up Solutions, Cleaning Up With LasagnaTM, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA505-F-99-004, April 1999. Cooking up Solutions.
Technical Articles
Athmer, C., Ruef, C., Jones, T. and Wilkens, R. (2013). Desalinization of Kaolin Soil Using Radial Electromigration and Electroosmosis. J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste, 17(1), 16–20. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000137
Athmer, C. J. (2009) Cost Estimates for Electrokinetic Remediation, in Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for Polluted Soils, Sediments and Groundwater (eds K. R. Reddy and C. Cameselle), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9780470523650.ch27
Athmer, C. J. and Ho, S. V. (2009) Field Studies: Organic-Contaminated Soil Remediation with Lasagna Technology, in Electrochemical Remediation Technologies for Polluted Soils, Sediments and Groundwater (eds K. R. Reddy and C. Cameselle), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9780470523650.ch30
Record of Decision (ROD) for Paducah Site Specifying Lasagna
GWRTAC Technology Overview Report - Electrokinetics
Rapid Commercialization Initiative Verification Statement for LasagnaTM, March 2, 1998. This statement shows the agencies that recognize Lasagna as an acceptable remediation technology.
The Lasagna Technology for In Situ Soil Remediation. 1. Small Field Test, Sa V. Ho , Christopher Athmer, P. Wayne Sheridan, B. Mason Hughes, Robert Orth, David Mckenzie, Philip H. Brodsky, Andrew Shapiro, Roy Thornton, Josepy Salvo, Dale Schultz, Richard Landis, Ron Griffith and Steve Shoemaker, Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 7, 1086-1091, 1999.
The Lasagna Technology for In Situ Soil Remediation. 2. Large Field Test, Sa V. Ho , Christopher Athmer, P. Wayne Sheridan, B. Mason Hughes, Robert Orth, David Mckenzie, Philip H. Brodsky, Andrew Shapiro, Roy Thornton, Josepy Salvo, Dale Schultz, Richard Landis, Ron Griffith and Steve Shoemaker, Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 7, 1092-1099, 1999.
LasagnaTM/RTDF Technical Documents, Lasagna Remediation Technology, The Remediation Technologies Development Forum (RTDF).